What is the psychological concept of rationalization?

Rationalization is a psychological defense mechanism where an individual provides themselves with seemingly logical reasons or explanations for behaviors or actions that may not align with their true feelings or beliefs. This process allows individuals to avoid confronting the uncomfortable realities of their actions or decisions. By justifying actions with incorrect or flawed explanations, a person can maintain a sense of self-approval and diminish feelings of guilt or anxiety.

For example, if someone fails a test but attributes their failure to the unfairness of the exam rather than their lack of preparation, they are rationalizing their failure. This protects their self-esteem but can inhibit personal growth and accountability.

The other options do not accurately describe rationalization. Facing one's fears refers to confronting anxiety-inducing situations. Encouraging self-assessment involves prompting individuals to reflect honestly on their behaviors and beliefs, which is contrary to the self-deception inherent in rationalization. Admitting mistakes openly requires honesty and self-acknowledgment, whereas rationalization often involves evasion of responsibility.